Vaccinations Can Cause Autism - 848 Words

Since Dr. Andrew Wakefield’s study came out in 1998 there has been great debate about whether or not vaccinations can cause autism. The number of cases of preventable diseases has increased significantly since Dr Andrew Wakefield’s paper about the link between MMR and Autism was published. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported in 2015 there were 189 cases reported; and in 2014 the US experienced a record number of cases with a shocking 667 cases in one year. The numbers continue to go up as the years go by due to the fear of the vaccinations causing autism. This is a large amount of cases per year with the availability of a vaccine, these cases should be much lower or non existent at all. Vaccination not only protects healthy children, but it also protects children who are not strong enough to get the vaccine themselves. Thesis In 2014 the California Department of Health received a report about a possible case of measles, an 11 year old unvaccinated child. The family had stated they had visited Disneyland theme Park in California, after this 125 cases were reported to be connected to Disneyland. Out of these cases 110 were California residents; out of the California patients 49% were unvaccinated, 12 of these patients were infants who were too young to receive vaccination. Out of the remaining patients 28 were unvaccinated intentionally, due to personal belief; 18 of those 28 patients were children and 10 were adults with ages ranging from 6 weeks to 70 years old.Show MoreRelatedVaccinations : Harmful Or Helpful?1288 Words   |  6 PagesVaccinations: Harmful or Helpful? Vaccinations are necessary for our children without them they are at risk of contracting harmful and potentially deadly diseases. A child who has never received any of the scheduled vaccinations is putting everyone whom they have come in contact with at risk as well. Vaccinations were invented with the intent to help end epidemics of such diseases as polio, measles and mumps. The parents who refuse to vaccinate their children are doing so out of fear that their childRead MoreThe Vaccine And Autism Controversy1179 Words   |  5 PagesVaccine and Autism Controversy Many parents are skeptical about getting their children vaccinated because of the fear that it may cause autism. The question of whether vaccines cause autism is still a controversial subject among many citizens today especially parents. Some citizens argue that vaccines are not safe and could potentially cause autism. Parents believe that vaccine caused their child to develop autism because autism symptoms become apparent around the same time that children were gettingRead MoreAutism Is A Neurodevelopmental Disorder962 Words   |  4 PagesAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is the most severe form of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This illness causes impairments of social abilities, language, speech, and behaviors (DeLong, 2011, p.903). Autism is growing rapidly in the United States beginning in the 1990s (DeLong, 2011, p.903). It becomes the great public health concern. The genetics plays a role in autisms. However, environmental factors also can trigger autism. So the question about whether vaccination is one of these environmentalRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children990 Words   |  4 PagesVaccinations are a preparation given to patients that provides acquired immunity to a specific disease. They contain either a live, weakened part or an inactive form created from a dead version of the viruses, causing the body to produce antibodies that will attack the virus if the body later comes into contact with the disease. A person can reduce the severity or eliminate the contraction of the disease completely. However, vaccinations have become a controversial topic and parts of the populationRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children979 Words   |  4 PagesVaccinations are a substance given to patients that provides acquired immunity to a specific disease. They contain either a live weakened part of the virus or an inactive form created from a dead version of the viruses, causing the body to produce antibodies that will attack the virus if the body later comes into contact with the disease. Thus, a person can reduce the severity of the disease or eliminate the contraction of the disease completely. However, vaccinations have become a controversialRead MoreThe Mmr Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism873 Words   |  4 Pageschildren’s and other children’s safety and life by refusing vaccinations. They decide to take this risk because they are trying to avoid their children’s chance of getting autism. Studies have shown following the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine children become diagnosed with autism. Parents are risking bringing back diseases that before vaccinations killed and threatened the lives of many people. The MMR vaccine does not cause autism, because the doctor who published the first study about thisRead MoreAn Active Supporter Of Anti Vaccination916 Words   |  4 Pageswriter, and play boy bunny of the year in 1994 being confident in all of these roles and certainly not being shy about being an active supporter of anti-vaccination. Unfortunately since she claimed vaccinations gave her some autism many celebrities and regular people around the states have followed her words and not getting their child vaccinations. All claiming they would rather have their children sick than vaccinated. Her quote, â€Å"I do believe sadly it’s going to take some diseases coming back toRead MoreAutism Is A Fast Growing Disorder1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Autism is a fast growing disorder in the United States, the symptoms start occurring in between the ages of 2 to 3 years old. The cause of this epidemic has remained unknown, but several hypotheses have been studied. Throughout those couple of years, children get as many as 32 shots at least (â€Å"Child and Adolescent Schedule†). Parents all over the world have came to concern that vaccines can develop autism. Many studies have came about through this year with vaccines causing Autism in childrenRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory?1739 Words   |  7 Pageslife-threatening diseases. People who are not vaccinated cause problems within society, and unless there is a medical reason as to why a person cannot be vaccinated, vaccinations should be mandatory. Why Children Are Not Being Vaccinated Religion Reasons Most organized religions, such as Catholicism and Judaism, do not prohibit vaccinations; however, smaller religious groups oppose vaccinations based on their religious philosophy. One group who opposes vaccinations is the Christian Scientists (Ciolli, 2008)Read MoreVaccine Requirements : Vaccine Requirement Rights1149 Words   |  5 Pagespreventable via vaccination are spreading from child to child. Despite this, parents continue to reject and demean vaccinations and their power to protect the people. There are different reasons as to why parents make decisions to avoid vaccines but one main component that aids them to their final decision in denying vaccines is that it intertwines with their beliefs and fears of the endangerment of their child. Although some people believe that vaccinations are not beneficial and can cause autism, the majority

How Child Abuse Affects a Hero, a God, and a Monster in...

Abuse has always been a problem throughout the history of the world. Abuse is suffered in various forms such as physical, emotional, and verbal. But all abuse is very harmful, especially when it is experienced by a child. There are many stories in Greek mythology that show various types of abuse but most prevalent are the acts that target children. Three figures in Greek mythology that face child abuse are Heracles, Hephaestus, and the Minotaur. The first figure is the hero Heracles. He is one of the most known figures that faces abuse throughout his childhood and into adulthood. Heracles’ prime abuser was his stepmother, Hera. Hera shows the classic signs of blaming children for the mistakes of their parents and for the situation they†¦show more content†¦That fall has said to have made him lame. According to Martin â€Å"Hera never knew her lame son’s fate†¦she never gave him a second thought† (89). As time passes and Hephaestus matures in the sea with Thetis, he was found to be skilled at making jewelry. When Hera hears of the skilled craftsman, she â€Å"divined that it was her own son and demanded him back† (Evslin 50). She only wants her son back because he became useful, she does not care for him. When Hephaestus returns to his new home on Olympus, Hera gives him a decrepit mountain as a place to work and live. She does not give him a home like the other gods have and has him making her fine things with Cyclopes around the clock. Hephaestus agrees to go back only because â€Å"†¦he loved her and excused her cruelty to him† (Evslin 50). Sacks writes that Hephaestus once â€Å"took his mother’s side in a quarrel between her and Zeus, and this time Zeus threw him down from the mountain† (â€Å"Hephaestus† Par. 3). All Hephaestus is searching for is his mother’s approval and will to do anything to get it. The third and one of the most misunderstood abuse victim is the so called monster, the Minotaur. One of the most frightening in Greek mythology monster is truly a victim in disguise. First of all, since he is born out of wedlock, and of a bull, he is treated like an outsider. Since he is treated like a monster, he becomes one, a self-fulfilling prophecy. Minos treats his stepson

Does man survive better under natural law or civilized law Free Essays

When asked this question, the first thing that pops into mind is what both of these mean. Civilized law is our current position in society, and natural law exists among people who are not a part of mainstream society. If taking the side of civilized law, one could argue how advanced and fortunate people have become. We will write a custom essay sample on Does man survive better under natural law or civilized law or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are starting to witness the beginning of a new era. It is full of information and technology, and it will decide how the future is going to be. But despite all our new inventions and ideas that show us how we’re better than the generations before us, have we grown in any other ways? Does being under civilized law only mean becoming more advanced technologically, or does it also apply to our morals as well? Obviously, society has developed a lot in learning and technology. Today we have inventions such as the computer and nuclear power plants. Things that were never imagined long ago can be easily found today. Machines alleviate us of a lot of hard work that had to be done by hand, so in this sense; we have become more fortunate under civilized law. On the other hand though, not all the technology we have is used for good. Society has produced many weapons specialized to kill large quantities of people. Many people have to live in constant fear of these weapons, while others use them for protection. We still have as many wars as we did in the past, but now the new technology used in them helps bring about more casualties. Could this be, by far, crueler than what our ancestors could ever possibly do to one another under the time of natural law? Besides the wars, society has not grown in understanding other people. There is still prejudice today. Many hate groups like the KKK are still around, and many new ones have come into being. In the past when our country was just starting to be formed, there were prejudices just because people were different. Over 100 years later, people haven’t changed much, and there is still prejudice, making one wonder if we have become a more knowledgeable society under the concept of civilized law. Technically we have become civilized under this concept. Society, though, cannot determine if this sort of ? civilized nature? is for the better or for the worse. Under civilized law we have created new inventions and ideas, however our morals have converted to a more barbaric state. The growing amounts of war, hatred, and acts of violence are demeaning to our current society. The concept of civilized law, whether intentional or not, has destroyed man. Maybe not technologically, but morally. How to cite Does man survive better under natural law or civilized law, Essay examples

Study On Children With Abdominal Pain And Its Rela Essay Example For Students

Study On Children With Abdominal Pain And Its Rela Essay tionship To Mental IllnessBibliography: Hotopf, Matthew, Why Do Children Have Chronic Abdominal Pain, and What Happens to Them When They Grow Up? British Medical Journal, April 1998Topic: Why Do Children Have Chronic Abdominal Pain, and What Happens to Them When They Grow Up?Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that children who have persistent abdominal pain come from families with high rates of psychiatric disorder, neuroticism and physical illness. The study also analyzed whether these children will suffer from the previously mentioned illnesses in adulthood. Subjects: The study the based on a sample stratified for social class of all singe legitimate births (3637) that occurred in England, Wales, and Scotland in one week of March in 1946. All children born to non-manual workers and agricultural workers were surveyed, while those born to other laborers were sampled in a ratio of 1:4. Controls were defined as survey members who participated in the same waves of data collection during early childhood, but whom either no abdominal pain was reported or it occurred only once or twice. We will write a custom essay on Study On Children With Abdominal Pain And Its Rela specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Methods:Information was based on hospital admissions of children who suffered from abdominal pain. Persistent abdominal pain was described as abdominal pain that was reported suggesting that the pain was chronic. Hospital records for these children were carefully reviewed by a pediatrician, and those with a defined organic cause of pain that was judged to have been present throughout childhood were excluded from the sample. Parental illness was accessed when the survey members were aged 15. The mother was asked if she or her husband had suffered from illnesses such as asthma, cough, rheumatism in joints, anemia, heart trouble, kidney trouble, and other health complaints. School attendance records of the children were assessed twice during childhood. Teachers were asked to rate whether the childs attendance was below average, or above average. This was done when the child was 13 years of age and again at 15 years of age. The Printer personality inventory was used when the child was 13 years of age to determine the childs personality and behavior in terms of neuroticism and extroversion. Again, the childs teacher was asked to evaluate the child. This time the teacher rated the child in terms of: lying, disobedience, being a disciplinary problem, restlessness, quality of work, and energy level. The standards used to measure these behaviors were below average, average, or above average. Fathers, at 36 years of age, were measured according to their occupation, sex, and social class in 1961 in terms of psychiatric disorder and physical symptoms. A semi-structured psychiatric interview generating levels of severity of psychiatric disorder and self-reported physical symptoms were conducted. Subjects who suffered from inflammatory bowel disease during adulthood were identified. Death records were analyzed to determine if persistent abdominal pain in childhood was related to increased mortality. Results:There were three main findings of the study. Firstly, children whose parents suffered from ill health were more likely to suffer from persistent abdominal pain. Secondly, although persistent abdominal pain in childhood did no predict abdominal pain in adulthood, abdominal pain was modestly associated with other common physical symptoms in adulthood. The study also found persistent abdominal pain in childhood was in indicator of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. At age 7, a fifth of the subjects had suffered abdominal pain; at 11 years it was 19%, and at 15 years it was 17%. Seventy-six of the 3637 children studied had recurrent abdominal pain. Of these, three had pain caused by chronic disease and 73 had persistent pain of unexplained origin. As it relates to the sexes, the children who participated in the study did not exhibit any difference in persistent abdominal pain (odds ratio to girls 0.97; 95%, 0.56 to 1.68). Children whose fathers had manual occupations were more likely to suffer from pain (1.75; to 1.02 to 3.03). The study revealed a connection between pain and parental health complaints, parental ratings of health, maternal nerves, maternal neuroticism, and families who were prone to colds. .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 , .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .postImageUrl , .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 , .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77:hover , .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77:visited , .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77:active { border:0!important; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77:active , .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77 .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u020a45778b4be50f083eed3b6717fa77:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jack London's To Build a Fire: Theme EssayThe survey conducted by teachers showed no relationship between persistent abdominal pain and children who were disobedient, liars, or those with disciplinary problems. Daydreaming in class and having low energy was found to be related to persistent abdominal pain, and children who were more frequently absent from school suffered from abdominal pain during their early years (6-10), but there was no significant increase of school absence when the child was 13 years of age. Psychology Essays

Marijuana vs Tobacco Essay Example

Marijuana vs Tobacco Essay Example Marijuana vs Tobacco Paper Marijuana vs Tobacco Paper Marihuana Vs Tobacco Nowadays there is a big dilemma to whether legalize marijuana or not and whether marijuana is really a lot more dangerous than tobacco. There are big differences between the two of them, but there is, without any doubt, one that has a lot more negative effects on the human body and the human brain than the other. Due to research we can compare them and conclude which one is worse. Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Cannabis is a term that refers to marijuana and other drugs made from the same plant. Other forms of cannabis include hashish, and hash oil. All forms of cannabis are mind-altering drugs (Zimmer and Morgan 1). The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). Short-term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, and anxiety (Zimmer and Morgan 1-2). Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a joint) or in a pipe or â€Å"bong†. Marijuana has also appeared in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, sometimes in combination with another drug, such as crack. It can also be mixed into foods or used to brew a tea (Zimmer and Morgan 2). According to the Palo Alto Medical Foundation tobacco is an agricultural crop that is used to make cigarettes. It is grown all over the world and supports a billion-dollar industry. Tobacco is dried and processed, then either placed into cigarettes and processed, or manufactured for chewing tobacco. The psychoactive ingredient is nicotine, a stimulant, but more than 4,000 other chemicals (2,000 of which are known to be poisonous) are present in cigarettes (Health). Tobacco is a nervous system stimulant that triggers complex biochemical and neurotransmitter disruptions. It elevates heart rate and blood pressure, constricts blood vessels, irritates lung tissue, and diminishes your ability to taste and smell (Health). Many people think smoking marijuana is just as harmful as smoking tobacco, but this is not true. Those who hold that marijuana is equivalent to tobacco are misinformed. Due to the efforts of various federal agencies to discourage the use of marijuana in the 1970s the government conducted several biased studies designed to return results that would equate marijuana smoking with tobacco smoking, or worse. For example the Berkeley carcinogenic tar studies of the late 1970s concluded that marijuana is one-and-a-half times as carcinogenic as tobacco. This finding was based solely on the tar content of cannabis leaves compared to that of tobacco, and did not take radioactivity into consideration. Cannabis tars do not contain radioactive materials. ) In addition, it was not considered that: 1) Most marijuana smokers smoke the bud, not the leaf, of the plant. The bud contains only 33% as much tar as tobacco. 2) Marijuana smokers do not smoke anywhere near as much as tobacco smokers, due to the psychoactive effects of cannabis. 3) Not one case of lung cancer has ever been successfully linked to marijuana use. 4) Cannabis, unlike tobacco, does not cause any narrowing of the small air passageways in the lungs (Howard). In fact, marijuana has been shown to be an expectorant and actually dilates the air channels it comes in contact with. This is why many asthma sufferers look to marijuana to provide relief. Doctors have postulated that marijuana may, in this respect, be more effective than all of the prescription drugs on the market (Howard). Studies even show that due to marijuanas ability to clear the lungs of smog, pollutants, and cigarette smoke, it may actually reduce your risk of emphysema, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Smokers of cannabis have been shown to outlive non-smokers in some areas by up to two years. Medium to heavy tobacco smokers will live seven to ten years longer if they also smoke marijuana. Cannabis is also radically different from tobacco in that it does not contain nicotine and is not addictive whatsoever. The psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, THC, has been accused of causing brain and genetic damage, but these studies have all been disproven. In fact, the DEAs own Administrative Law Judge has declared that marijuana in its natural form is far safer than many foods we commonly consume (Young). Heavy marijuana smokers show less evidence of lung injury from smoking marijuana than heavy tobacco smokers, and it may be cannabinoids that are protecting them from developing a condition like emphysema. Thats according to the principal investigator of a study done at the University of California at Los Angeles (Young). Speaking at the third annual meeting of the International Cannabis Research Society a pulmonologist and UCLA professor of medicine, concluded:† heavy marijuana use did not cause the same degree of lung injury from smoking marijuana as tobacco smoke† (Tashkin). My own feeling is that marijuana smokers probably will not develop emphysema as a consequence of smoking marijuana, he said, but cautioned that does not rule out the development of other conditions like respiratory carcinoma. It may be that the THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in marijuana could have different effects on inflammatory cells, which may mediate injury in the lung. (Gagnon) His study , which aimed to measure the pulmonary effects of habitual marijuana use, followed nine tobacco smokers, 10 marijuana smokers, 10 nonsmokers and four smokers of both marijuana and tobacco. He gave both quantitative and qualitative explanations for his finding. Marijuana users in the study smoked three or four joints daily for 15 years on average, while tobacco smokers in the study smoked 25 cigarettes daily over a period of 20 years, indicating a marked difference in exposure to smoke. There is a seven-fold difference in the amount of smoke to which marijuana and tobacco smokers are exposed, he said. Its the quantitative difference in smoke exposure that might explain the difference in the degree of lung injury as assessed by these physiologic indices. Moreover, the phagocytes gathered from the lungs of marijuana smokers do not have the same properties as those gathered from the lungs of tobacco smokers. We have previously shown that the macrophages that are harvested from the rinse-out of the lungs of marijuana smokers seem not to be activated, he said. They do not release toxic oxygen species, either under basal conditions or under stimulated conditions nearly to the extent that tobacco macrophages do. If anything, basal secretion of superoxide seems to be reduced in the marijuana smokers. â€Å"The clearance of the molecule diethylene triamine penta acetate (DTPA) from the lung, believed to be a more sensitive indicator of lung injury than measuring the lungs diffusing capacity† (Tashkin). If DTPA clearance is accelerated, then it implies an increase in the leakiness of the alveolar epithelial membrane, which implies injury to the membrane, he said. Dr. Tashkin noted DTPA clearance is accelerated in tobacco smoke- related lung injury. Initially, the chronic effects of marijuana smoke were measured in omparison to those of tobacco smoke: DTPA clearance was measured at about 12 hours after the last marijuana or tobacco cigarette smoked. To determine the acute effects of marijuana and tobacco smoking, Dr. Tashkin restudied these smokers a week or two later, giving them a single joint of marijuana or a single tobacco cigarette or both, and then measuring DTPA clearance 15 minutes subsequently. What we found was the clearance of DTPA was abnormally rapid from the lung in the tobacco smokers, he said. It was about twice the rate of non-smokers. In the marijuana smokers, there was a tendency toward a much less rapid rate of clearance. There was no acute effect in either tobacco or marijuana, and there was no added effect of marijuana or tobacco. (Tashkin) As with the lungs to tobacco smokers, when the lungs of marijuana smokers are washed out, a marked increase in the number of alveolar macrophages is witnessed. But whereas tobacco smoke has a concomitant effect of activating the macrophages, leading to the subsequent release of certain toxic substances, marijuana smoke fails to activate the macrophages, Dr. Tashkin said. He noted this difference could be attributed to differential regulation of cytokins. It may be that the macrophages from marijuana smokers release certain suppressive cytokins, like transforming growth factor- beta, which is known to suppress the inflammatory activity of nearly all of the site populations, he said. In an editorial called Comparing Cannabis with Tobacco posted by Dr. Dean Edell in September 22, 2003, he says that two large studies reported no increase in death associated with the use of cannabis. Even diseases that might be related to long term cannabis use are unlikely to have a sizeable public health impact because, unlike users of tobacco and alcohol, most people who try cannabis quit relatively early in their adult lives† (Edell 635-6). â€Å"Exposure to smoke is generally much lower in cannabis than in tobacco cigarette smokers, even taking into account the larger exposure per puff. Existing studies do not support a link between the use of ca nnabis and heart disease, the leading cause of death in many Western countries† (Edell 635-6). Furthermore, cannabis does not contain nicotine, a chemical contained in tobacco that is addicting and contributes to the risk of heart disease. However, two caveats must be noted regarding available data, warns Dr. Edell. Firstly, the studies to date have not followed cannabis smokers into later adult life so it might be too early to detect an increase risk of chronic diseases that are potentially associated with the use of cannabis. Secondly, the low rate of regular cannabis use and the high rate of discontinuation during young adulthood may reflect the illegality and social disapproval of the use of cannabis. This means that we cannot assume that smoking cannabis would continue to have the same small impact on mortality if its use were to be decriminalized or legalized. While the use of cannabis is not harmless, our current knowledge does not support the assertion that it has an adverse impact on death rates, says the author. ANNUAL AMERICAN DEATHS CAUSED BY DRUGS TOBACCO 400,000 ALCOHOL 100,000 ALL LEGAL DRUGS . 20,000 ALL ILLEGAL DRUGS.. 15,000 CAFFEINE .. ,000 ASPIRIN 500 MARIJUANA . 0 - Source: United States government National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bureau of Mortality Statistics Marijuana does not cause serious health problems like those caused by tobacco or alcohol (e. g. , strong addiction, cancer, heart problems, birth defects, emphysema, liver damage, etc. ). It is not more dangerous. Smoked tobacco, with a 90% addiction rate, is the most addictive of all drugs while marijuana is less addictive than caffeine. Cigarettes kill more than 400,000 people a year and there has never been a death reported from smoking marijuana. One would have to consume 40,000 times as much marijuana as you need to get stoned. Death from a marijuana overdose is impossible. Edell, Dean. â€Å"Comparing cannabis with tobacco†. 22 September 2003. BMJ Volume 327, pp 635-6. ; healthcentral. com/drdean/408/60640. html; Howard, Geese. â€Å"Cigarrettes vs Marijuana. † Digg 23 September 2006 ;http://digg. com/health/Cigarettes_vs_Marijuana; Legalization of Marijuana. 10 February 2008. lt; legalizationofmarijuana. com; Tashkin, Donald, Francis Young and Louis Gagnon. Marijuana less harmful to lungs than Cigarrettes. Medical Post. 6 September 1994. ;http://uncletaz. com/marijuana/ potcig. html; What is Tobacco? Health Promotion Services, Vaden Health Center, Stanford University. February 2004. ; pamf. org/teen/risk/smoking/whatis. html; Zimmer, Lynn and John P. Morgan. Marijuana myths Marijuana Facts: A Re view of the Scientific Evidence. August 1997. ; medicalmarihuana. ca/ books. html. ;

Do You Qualify for the National Merit Scholarship

Do You Qualify for the National Merit Scholarship SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Out of the 1.5 million juniors in the US who take the PSAT only about 7,600 will end up with a National Merit Scholarship of $2,500 through the National Merit Scholarship Program. So how do you qualify? If you do qualify, what are your chances of getting the scholarship? I am going to answer these questions by discussing the basic qualification for National Merit and laying out a timeline for the program. Qualification Guidelines There are four main qualifications for scholarship consideration: three basic and one PSAT score related. They are all equally important because if you do not meet all of the qualifications, you cannot participate in the program.The 3 basic qualifications you need to meet are: Take the PSAT during your junior year (3rd year) of high school Plan to enroll in college full-time by the fall after your graduate from high school Be a US Citizen or US Permanent resident who plans to become a US Citizen Then there is the test score related qualification. The exact score qualifications vary from year to year and state to state, but typically, the top 3% of students (about 50,000 juniors) qualify to be in the program. The top 1% of students have the best shot at winning the scholarship. How Does the Selection Timeline Work? Let's go through when each step of the National Merit selection occurs and how it will affect you if you're chosen. October of Junior Year: You take the PSAT. April of Junior Year: 50,000 students are notified that they are potential National Merit Scholars and are asked to select 2 colleges thatthe National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) will send a reference. September of Senior Year: â…” of the 50,000 students (about 34,000) will receive Letters of Commendation (recognizing them for their academic achievement, but notifying them they are no longer in the running for a scholarship). The remaining â…“ of students (about 16,000) will advance as National Merit Scholarship Semifinalists. Semifinalists typically have PSAT scores of at least 201 to 222 (on the old 240 point scale). Again the reason for the large point discrepancy is that the winners are chosen by state. If your state has lower scores on average, you will be able to qualify with a lower score than in other states with higheraverage PSAT scores. The Semifinalists are asked to submit applications for scholarship considerations. I will not go into detail on the scholarship application in this article. For more information on what is required for the National Merit Scholarship application and how to craft the strongest application read our other article. February of Senior Year: Semifinalists who advance to the Finalist round will be notified. About 15,000 of 16,000 Semifinalists advance. March of Senior Year: The 8,900 Finalists who are selected for a scholarship (out of the 15,000 Finalists) will be notified. NOTE: not all of these 8,900 Finalists receive a $2,500 one-time National Merit Scholarship. Through the program, students may be offered a National Merit Scholarship, a Corporate-Sponsored Merit Scholarship, or a College-Sponsored Merit Scholarship. (I will explain how students are selected for scholarships in more depth below.) How Do You Know If You Probably Won’t Get a Scholarship? Obviously, if you are not notified in April or if you receive a Letter of Commendation in September, you know you will not be advancing to the Semifinalist round. Therefore, youwill not be in contention for a National Merit Scholarship or one of the other scholarships. Additionally, if your score is not in the top 1%, you don't have a great chance of advancing to the Semifinalist round (the â…” of students who receive Letters of Commendation and do not advance to Semifinalists typically have scores in the top 2-3%).Once you have advanced to the Semifinalist round, you have about a 50-50 chance of receiving a scholarship (since half the Semifinalists receive scholarships: 8,900 of 16,000). How Do You Know If You Have a Good Chance of Getting the Scholarship? If your score is in the top 1% (for your state), you have a good chance of getting the scholarship.However, the final step in consideration for the scholarship is your application and the National Merit Scholarship Program acknowledges that scholarship recipients are chosen â€Å"based on their abilities, skills, and accomplishments.† Once you are selected as a Semifinalist and submit your application, the National Merit Scholarship Corporation takes all of the following into consideration when deciding on scholarships:â€Å"the Finalist's academic record, information about the school's curricula and grading system, two sets of test scores [SAT and PSAT], the high school official's written recommendation, information about the student's activities and leadership, and the Finalist's own essay.† If you have a very strong transcript (as close to 4.0 GPA on 4.0 scale with challenging course load of AP or IB classes) and a very high SAT score (close to 2400 on the old scale or close to 1600 on the new SAT),in addition to having a PSAT score in the top 1%, you have a solid chance of receiving a scholarship. Want to improve your PSAT score by 150 points? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Make sure to make all aspects of your Semifinalist application as strong as possible to increase your chances of winning a scholarship.Get advice on that and more in our other article: National Merit Finalist - How to Win the Scholarship. Victory! What Is the Difference Between National Merit Scholarships and the Other Scholarships Offered? According to the National Merit website, National Merit Scholarships are $2500 single payment scholarships, which are awarded â€Å"without consideration of family financial circumstances, college choice, or major and career plans.†All Finalists are considered for this scholarship. I will give a brief explanation of the other types of scholarships, but for a more in-depth one,check out our other article. Corporate-sponsored Merit Scholarship awards are awarded based on each Corporate sponsor’s criteria.Some â€Å"designate their awards for children of their employees or members, for residents of a community where a company has operations, or for Finalists with career plans the sponsor wishes to encourage. These scholarships may either be renewable for four years of undergraduate study or one-time awards.† The amount for these Corporate-sponsored Merit Scholarships varies by company. College-sponsored Merit Scholarship awards are awarded to â€Å"Finalists who have been accepted for admission and have informed NMSC by [through their application] that the sponsor college or university is their first choice.†You can only receive one of these College-sponsored Merit Scholarships if you were accepted to the university that you told National Merit was your first choice. Also, if you were accepted to your first choice college and choose not to attend that university, you will forfeit your scholarship. The amount of these scholarships vary by school, but each scholarship will be between $500 and $2000 per year. These scholarships are renewable up to 4 years. You have little control over which scholarship you will receive. All three of types of scholarships are equally prestigious and receiving one is no better than receiving another from an academic standpoint (though it may be better from a financial standpoint). Focus on trying to qualify to be a finalist and don't worry too much about which type of scholarship you will receive. What’s Next? Prepare to rock the PSAT if you haven't taken it yet: The PSAT Score Range (Updated for New 2015 PSAT) What's a Good PSAT Score for a Junior? PSAT Practice Tests: Free Questions and Full-Length Tests Get more advice on National Merit and other scholarships: National Merit Finalist - How to Win the Scholarship How To Get Merit Scholarships and Honors at State Schools How to Win a Walmart Scholarship: Strategy Guide How to Win a Gates Millennium Scholarship Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dora Seigel About the Author As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. 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Employee motivation - case scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee motivation - case scenario - Essay Example switching all the data base on to a computerized Management Information System that can be accessed by each member from anywhere around the globe. Looking over the companies needs and requirements, the Lewins Change Management Model seems to be the most adequate choice of change for the organization. This shall be further justified along side the three steps to this process. During project proposal, several people will and will not be in favour due to personal reasons and opinions. These individuals will be reluctant to change and hence will resist for it to occur. The solution is to unfreeze the pessimism by convincing them of the benefits that will be received through the new system. The main reasons for reluctancy may be due to feeling neglected of their importance and value, autonomy, monotony of work, job insecurity, lack of computer skills and literacy, lowered salaries etc as stated by Freud. However, automation is the main concern considering all manual data systems (humans) will be replaced by computer systems. The company now re-establishes itself and the staff refreezes itself into the new change of work operations. This is done gradually as each member will adapt to the new system with time. Business activities will then be within a click of a button, with the vast media horizon of internet emails, chats, audio and video conferencing etc. (Normandin, 2012) All the departments will be affected including the accounts, administrative and human resource departments. The aim is to achieve paperless forms of communication with its various clients and suppliers. However, all the employees will not be in favour of this huge change so employee motivation strategies must be employed. Looking into Maslows Hierarchy of Phsical, Emotional and Intellectual Needs for Employee Motivation will help overcome resolve this issue. (Maslow,